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Essentials of Biochemistry
This textbook, Essentials of Biochemistry is aimed at chemistry and biochemistry undergraduate students and first year biochemistry graduate students. It incorporates the lectures of the authors given to students with a strong chemistry background. An emphasis is placed on metabolism and reaction mechanisms and how they are studied. As the title of the book implies, the text lays the basis for an understanding of the fundamentals of biochemistry.
Essential Biochemistry, 5th Edition is comprised of biology, pre-med and allied health topics and presents a broad, but not overwhelming, base of biochemical coverage that focuses on the chemistry behind the biology. This revised edition relates the chemical concepts that scaffold the biology of biochemistry, providing practical knowledge as well as many problem-solving opportunities to hone skills. Key Concepts and Concept Review features help students to identify and review important takeaways in each section.
The second edition of this comprehensive guide provides undergraduate medical students with the most up to date information in the field of biochemistry. Divided into 35 chapters, the book covers all aspects of the subject, from cell and membrane transport, to chemistry of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, to metabolism, and finally molecular biology and biochemistry of specific disorders, connective tissues and muscles. The last section discusses biochemical techniques such as chromatography and electrophoresis. Each chapter begins with an outline and ends with a self-assessment section which includes long and short answer questions, multiple choice questions and clinical case studies. Key points are highlighted in colour boxes and a detailed glossary provides definitions of common terms. A list of references and normal values for biochemical laboratory tests concludes the book.
Within every living organism, countless reactions occur every second. These reactions typically occur more rapidly and with greater efficiency than would be possible under the same conditions in the chemical laboratory, and while using only the subset of elements that are readily available in nature. Despite these apparent differences between life and the laboratory, biological reactions are governed by the same rules as any other chemical reaction. Thus, a firm understanding of the fundamentals of chemistry is invaluable in biochemistry. There are entire textbooks devoted to the application of chemical principles in biological systems and so it is not possible to cover all of the relevant topics in depth in this short article. The aim is instead to provide a brief overview of those areas in chemistry that are most relevant to biochemistry. We summarize the basic principles, give examples of how these principles are applied in biological systems and suggest further reading on individual topics.
In biochemistry, a more subtle kind of isomerism, stereoisomerism, is vitally important. Here the connectivity of the atoms in the isomers is identical, but the spatial arrangement of the atoms differs. The two classes of stereoisomers we will consider here are cis-trans isomers and molecules with chiral centres.
Although the majority of organic molecules relevant to biochemistry are drawn using the skeletal representation, there are some classes of molecules for which other representations are favoured. As we will discuss in more detail later, sugars can exist either in a straight chain or ring form. The straight chain form of a sugar is often depicted as a Fischer projection, while the ring form is often shown using a Haworth projection. Many different stereoisomers of sugars occur in nature, and the Fischer and Haworth projections were developed to make it easy to distinguish between stereoisomers. For example, the different representations of d-glucose (C6H12O6) are shown in Figure 11B.
An acid is an H+ ion or proton donor, while a base is an H+ ion acceptor. Understanding which biological molecules are acids and which are bases can be important in predicting a variety of behaviours in biological systems, for example in determining catalytic mechanisms. Acids and bases can be strong or weak. When a strong acid or base is added to water, these species are almost completely ionized (dissociated). In contrast, a weak acid or base is only partially ionized on addition to water. Weak acids and bases are more relevant in biochemistry.
The coenzyme A anion, with a negative charge on sulphur and the phosphate anion, with the negative charge delocalized over several atoms, are very common leaving groups in biological chemical reactions (Figure 14B). One of the most widely occurring nucleophilic substitution reactions in biochemistry is transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to a nucleophile (Figure 14C). Many different nucleophiles are reactive towards this molecule. For example, in the synthesis of the amino acid methionine the nucleophile is a sulphur atom; in the synthesis of norepinephrine the nucleophile is a nitrogen atom; and the degradation of dopamine includes nucleophilic attack on S-adenosyl methionine by an oxygen atom. In each case, the S-adenosyl methionine is a positively charged substrate and the leaving group is the neutral S-adenosyl homocysteine group.
Principles of organic chemistry and biochemistry. Emphasis on experiments and lab skills associate with the lecture material in CHM 201. Cannot be counted towards a chemistry major or minor if the student passes CHM 342. Cannot be taken Pass/Not Pass.
Recommended Prerequisite: BIO 121 or BMS 110 and 111. Essentials of biochemistry; chemistry and metabolism of biologically important compounds. CHM 352 and 554 cannot both be applied toward a Chemistry major or minor.
Individual investigation of a chemical problem under the guidance of a chemistry and biochemistry department faculty member. Students are required to consult with the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry to obtain a research information packet and to discuss research options with chemistry faculty members. A formal written report is required for this course. May be repeated to a maximum of five hours. Public Affairs Capstone Experience course.
Investigation of a research project as a continuation from CHM399 or pursuit of more advanced study under the guidance of a chemistry and biochemistry department faculty member. A formal written report and formal oral presentation of the research conducted are is required for this course. May be repeated to a maximum of five hours. Public Affairs Capstone Experience course.
Emphasis on modern techniques in the biochemistry laboratory; enzymology, protein purification and analysis; protein structure determination; isoelectric focusing; HPLC; trace techniques. May be taught concurrently with CHM 657. Cannot receive credit for both CHM 557 and CHM 657.
Emphasis on modern techniques in the biochemistry laboratory; enzymology, protein purification and analysis; protein structure determination; isoelectric focusing; HPLC; trace techniques. May be taught concurrently with CHM 557. Cannot receive credit for both CHM 557 and CHM 657.
An advanced topic in biochemistry will be addressed via faculty lectures and student projects. Examples of proposed topics include: carbohydrates, the cell surface, and physical biochemistry. Variable content course. May be repeated to a maximum of six hours with differing topics.
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.[1] A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed through biochemical methodology and research.[2] Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells,[3] in turn relating greatly to the understanding of tissues and organs, as well as organism structure and function.[4] Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, which is the study of the molecular mechanisms of biological phenomena.[5]
Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, bonding, functions, and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[6] They provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life.[7] The chemistry of the cell also depends upon the reactions of small molecules and ions. These can be inorganic (for example, water and metal ions) or organic (for example, the amino acids, which are used to synthesize proteins).[8] The mechanisms used by cells to harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of diseases.[9] Nutrition studies how to maintain health and wellness and also the effects of nutritional deficiencies.[10] In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers. Improving crop cultivation, crop storage, and pest control are also goals. Biochemistry is extremely important since it helps individuals learn about complicated topics such as prions.[11] 041b061a72